人脑，狗脑与机器人的脑的根本不同之处何在？
解答这个问题，有助於解决哲学与动物行为学的许多争议。
McFarland提出丁两个基本的定义：cognitive processes认知过程与 subjective experience:主观经验。
cognitive processes as those that require “a certain kind of mechanism—one that requires manipulation of explicit representations”
definition of subjective experience: “The agent is the recipient of experience, and knows it”。
含羞草若遭碰触，就会自我保护的把叶子关闭。许多类似的水类植物亦有同样的行为，有些甚至好像有记忆力，能在敌人侵近时，採取防御措施。问题是，这些行为是否源自有显示表达explicit representations（beliefs）的认知过程。它们是否“知道”这个经验。还是这种种行为只不过是某种不“自觉”的机械反应。
解答这个问题，有助於解决哲学与动物行为学的许多争议。
McFarland提出丁两个基本的定义：cognitive processes认知过程与 subjective experience:主观经验。
cognitive processes as those that require “a certain kind of mechanism—one that requires manipulation of explicit representations”
definition of subjective experience: “The agent is the recipient of experience, and knows it”。
含羞草若遭碰触，就会自我保护的把叶子关闭。许多类似的水类植物亦有同样的行为，有些甚至好像有记忆力，能在敌人侵近时，採取防御措施。问题是，这些行为是否源自有显示表达explicit representations（beliefs）的认知过程。它们是否“知道”这个经验。还是这种种行为只不过是某种不“自觉”的机械反应。
Daniel C. Dennett in BioScience:
Any scientist who wants to investigate minds—our minds, animal minds, alien minds—will soon discover that there is no way to proceed without venturing into the playgrounds and battlefields of the philosophers. You can either stumble into this investigation and thrash about with a big scientific stick, thwacking yourself about as often as your opponents, or you can enter cautiously, methodically, trying to figure out the terrain using what you already know to interpret what you find. Fortunately, David McFarland has chosen the second option in Guilty Robots, Happy Dogs: The Question of Alien Minds, and there is much food for thought here for both scientists and philosophers.More here.
It is written in the spirit of Valentino Braitenberg's brilliant little book Vehicles (1984), a series of thought experiments that led readers from robotic vehicles even simpler than bacteria to ever-more sophisticated and versatile agents capable of tracking food, avoiding harm, comparing situations, and remembering things. McFarland starts his project a little higher on the ladder of sophistication, with a robot designed to serve as a night watchman of sorts, identifying interlopers, calling for help when needed, and, most important, preserving its energy supply for another day, budgeting its activities to stay alive at all costs. This basic robot is then enhanced in various ways, in a design process whose ultimate goal is a robot that can be held accountable and to whom things matter—a robot with subjectivity and values.
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