2011年9月30日星期五

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江凯民老师

从现实人生看品格教育

吴大地

教育课题

  很多人似乎认定,待人处世,如果一天到晚摸着良心,一板一眼地遵循道德原则,必然要吃亏。就算不吃亏,太过讲究道德,对功成名就,也没有什么帮助。
  忠忠直直,终须乞食。在童年时,长辈时不时会在我们这些孩子面前,有意无意地说这一类政治不甚正确的话。看来是怕我们将来要吃亏,是一种无奈的提示。
  持有这样看法的人相当普遍,甚至可说是深入民心。但是,敢于坦然承认的,为数不多。大多数人自觉意识不足,看不到自己,他们不但会极力否认,还会指责你侮辱了他们。但是只要仔细观其行,就可以看到,这些深植其潜意识中的功利信念,才是他们现实生活真正的运作原则,而不是他们厉声疾呼的那一套。这种言行不一的情况,往往是在意识层之下操作的,连当事人本身都不太清楚,或者是浑浑噩噩的,不愿面对。
  最近教育部长王瑞杰宣布,教育部将推出新的品格与公民教育课程。这项宣布在工学院一个论坛引起激烈的讨论。有学生问部长,该如何避免这个新课程变成又一个徒有其表,不受重视的科目。另一位学生则指出,品格教育要成功,除了学校,周围的成人也扮演着重要角色。如果家长所作所为和学校灌输的价值观完全相反,那么学校再努力也徒然。童言无忌,穿上新衣的国王,原形毕露。
  在这个功利社会,道德教育如果要不成为另一个成效暧昧的教课项目,民众必须打从心底,清楚地认识到道德对个人的利益与价值。
  在很多人的心目中,道德行为,是一种自我牺牲的利他行为。一个人遵循道德,是因为上帝要他这么做、是社会的要求、先贤的教诲、長辈的期待,有点像一种终身的国民服役。他们没有看到的是,其实,修养道德的最大受益者,不是他人,正是自己。因为,道德涵养不但是一项个人的资产,同时也是一条通往幸福人生的途径。
  资产有很多形式,归根究底,就是钱财。如果说道德有,很多人也许不相信。这也难怪,因为从无色无臭的精神价值,转变成为花花绿绿的钞票,需要一段过程与时间。不过,其实也不难说明,因为其中有一个大家都熟悉的关键字眼——信誉。
道德涵养的现实价值
  说到品牌信誉,其商业价值不辩自明。例如,买日用电器时,我们常常愿意多付一点钱,去买价格较高但声誉良好的牌子。在买药材时,我们宁可多花一点时间金钱,也要到可靠的老字号药材店去买。看医生更不必说了,我们往往愿意付多达几倍的费用去延请名医。
  道理虽然这么简单,可是还有不少人相信,一个人如果没有一两手奸诈伎俩,就很难在现实社会成功致富。仿佛个人的商场价值和其他商品不一样,不会受到其社会信誉的影响。其实,只要有点社会经验,就可以看到个人的信誉对其商场价值的影响,比起一般商品,实有过之而无不及。不论在雇佣市场或与他人交易,个人的信誉往往是成败的关键。大多数雇主都不会重用一个不可靠的雇员,更少有人愿意和奸商做生意。
  斯蒂芬·科维(Stephen Covey)是西方最有影响力的个人成功学专家之一,连克林顿都曾向他讨教过。他的整个实践理论,就是围绕在这个主题——如何锻炼修身,取信于人。
  其实,我们也不必等到西方学者来提醒,诚信本来就是我们老一辈生意人驰骋商场的首要信条。丰隆集团创业人郭芳枫年轻时,每年为老板赚钱在百万以上。他洁身自爱,诚实守信,深得老板的信任,广受同业的尊敬。后来,当他自己出来做生意时,身上仅有区区7000元。不过,他早年在新马商场上建立的信誉,其啇业价值绝对远远超过那7000元。得道多助,他的生意兴旺,不到50年,已名列亚洲10大首富。我们的先辈,深明诚信的重要。以前的生意人,为了保持牙齿当金使的声誉,忍痛承受巨额亏损的例子,比比皆是。
  所以,孩子的道德修养,可以看成建立个人品牌的投资。这别人抢不走的随身资产,将会让孩子终身受用。至于那些忠忠直直,终须乞食。奸奸狡狡,日煲夜炒之类的话,就不要再说了,因为在新加坡,那些搞到要乞食的,一般是因为他们没有求生的技能,而不是因为品格高尚。
  道德修养对个人的助益,不仅如此而己。更重要的,它是通往幸福生活的不二途径。
  研究数据显示,金钱确实能买到快乐。个人的幸福感往往与收入水平有关。不过,财富的作用有限,当收入达到某个水平时,它对快乐的影响就会开始递减。至于那转折点在哪里,则因国家而不同(美国是每年75000美元)。有趣的是,收入水平不高的印度人,其快乐水平远高于收入居世界前列的日本人。
  影响幸福感的因素很多。值得三思的是,东西方的智慧传统,都不约而同地指出,真正的幸褔,建基于美德与完善的品格。孔子说:君子坦荡荡,小人长戚戚。阿里斯多德认为,只有通过美德的培养,才能实现真正的人生幸福。当释迦牟尼被问及为什么要修炼道德时,他说是为了悟道。換言之,前往极乐境界的途径,是道德品格。
  现代的科学研究也印证了这个道理。马斯洛(Maslow)晩年著专书,说明人格修养与快乐的关系。他观察到,日常顶峯体验Peak Experience)的出现,是成熟人格的指数。
    这些道理,我们也可以通过自己的体验印证。心理学家馬汀·塞利格曼(Martin Seligman)教授建议,我们可以试验做好事:到养老院帮忙、帮朋友的孩子补习、或代年老的邻居采购日用品等等。只要一星期做五件,就可以看到可测量出的快乐效果。
  道德修养,对个人的助益当然不止以上说的这些。椐说,一过了40岁,人就必须为自己的相貌负责。这点实在值得留意,因为一不小心,等到内心的奸诈恶毒都深深刻在脸上时,不管怎么昂贵的化粧品,都掩盖不了。
早报言论(2011-09-30)

2011年9月29日星期四

IT: 有生命的密码


研究人员发明了一种新型密码,利用细菌传递机密信息,这种细菌会在特定条件下发光。除了用于间谍活动外,这项技术可以让企业给农作物、种子,或其它有生命的物品编码秘密的身份信息。美国国防部高级研究计划署(DARPA)几年前邀请研究人员提出不需要电的秘密信息编码的方法。麻省塔夫斯大学的化学家David Walt和同事考虑使用细菌。他们利用7个大肠杆菌菌株群,每个都加入了能表达出不同颜色荧光蛋白的基因。当基因打开后细菌就会发出不同颜色的光,如红绿蓝,人眼可以清晰识别出这些光。研究人员随后利用颜色组合信息。7种颜色有49种组合,可用于编码26个字母和23个字母数字符号如@和$。之后可以简单的根据细菌排列写入和读取信息。为了打印信息,细菌被转移到发光媒介,被印在硝化纤维纸片上。但纸上的细菌并不会发光,信息接受者还需要用化学药剂打开关键的基因激活荧光蛋白表达。研究人员还加入了更严格的安全机制,给部分细菌植入了抵抗特定抗生素的基因,只有能耐抗生素的细菌才携带真正的机密信息。因此一旦信息落入错误人手中,他们将无法读取出机密信息。只有解码者加入了正确的抗生素之后,不能耐抗生素的细菌死亡,才会留下真正有用的信息。化学家Kenneth Suslick说,这真是一个很酷的点子。

《芝麻街》教导幼儿学习数学和科学


美国儿童电视节目《芝麻街》的制作人为协助提升儿童的数学和科学能力,把26日开始的该节目第42季的重点,设定科学家一样思考乔治城大学早期学习计划的研究发现,《芝麻街》帮助儿童做好上学的准备,这种优势大部分会持续到高中时。在第42季中,节目的核心是所谓的STEM能力,即科学、技术、工程和机械四种学科的能力,各个布偶角色将在节目中建造桥梁、发射火箭,并透过尝试错误、观察和资料来思考解决问题。主管教育与研究的副总裁罗丝玛莉‧楚格利欧说,幼儿是天生的科学家,他们探索周围的世界,并试图发现世界的法则。她说,新一季的节目将增加技巧和语言的深度。
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ROLL OVER EINSTEIN: LAW OF PHYSICS CHALLENGED


From PhysOrg:
One of the very pillars of physics and Einstein's theory of relativity - that nothing can go faster than the speed of light - was rocked Thursday by new findings from one of the world's foremost laboratories.
RollovereinsEuropean researchers said they clocked an oddball type of subatomic particle called a neutrino going faster than the 186,282 miles per second that has long been considered the cosmic speed limit. The claim was met with skepticism, with one outside physicist calling it the equivalent of saying you have a flying carpet. In fact, the researchers themselves are not ready to proclaim a discovery and are asking other physicists to independently try to verify their findings. "The feeling that most people have is this can't be right, this can't be real," said James Gillies, a spokesman for the European Organization for Nuclear Research, or CERN, which provided the particle accelerator that sent neutrinos on their breakneck 454-mile trip underground from Geneva to Italy. Going faster than light is something that is just not supposed to happen according to Einstein's 1905 special theory of relativity - the one made famous by the equation E equals mc2. But no one is rushing out to rewrite the science books just yet. It is "a revolutionary discovery if confirmed," said Indiana University theoretical physicist Alan Kostelecky, who has worked on this concept for a quarter of a century. Stephen Parke, who is head theoretician at the Fermilab near Chicago and was not part of the research, said: "It's a shock. It's going to cause us problems, no doubt about that - if it's true."
CERN reported that a neutrino beam fired from a particle accelerator near Geneva to a lab 454 miles (730 kilometers) away in Italy traveled 60 nanoseconds faster than the speed of light. Scientists calculated the margin of error at just 10 nanoseconds. (A nanosecond is one-billionth of a second.)
More here. (Note: Do watch the video)

THE UTTERLY AMAZING FUTURE AWAITING HIGH-TECH HUMANITY: AN INTERVIEW WITH DR. MICHIO KAKU, THE AUTHOR OF "PHYSICS OF THE FUTURE"


by Evert Cilliers aka Adam Ash
BooksIf you're interested in the future, or if you're a sci-fi freak, or a geek, or a lover of science, or a transhumanist, or a singularity nut, or a fan of Bladerunner or 2001: A Space Odyssey, or all of these (like me), this book is for you.
Author Dr. Michio Kaku gives us three futures to contemplate in his comprehensive overview of everything science is doing to take us into a future that is unimaginably different, weird and wonderful:
a) where we will be in the near term (present to 2030)
b) in midcentury (2030 to 2070)
c) in the far future (2070 to 2100).
Dr. Kaku's predictions are not only informed by the fact that he's a supersmart scientist himself (with the rare ability to explain abstruse science to ignorant amateurs like me), but that he has personally visited with more than 300 of the relevant scientists and hung out at their laboratories where our future is being designed right now.
Here's a brief list of some of his more startling predictions:
1. We will be operating internet computers that are lodged in contact lenses by blinking our eyes and making hand movements Theremin-style in the empty air.
2. We will have the ability to bring back the woolly mammoth and Neanderthal man, although Dr. Kaku is not so sure that we'll be able to bring back any dinosaurs.
3. Many diseases will be gone as dangerous genes are clipped out of humanity's DNA. Nanobots will be cruising our bloodstreams to zap rogue cancer cells long before they can take us down. We will beat most diseases except virus-caused stuff like the common cold or AIDS, because their viruses can mutate faster than we can learn to zap them.
4. Robots will only become smart once we are able to imbue them with emotions. Why? Because you can't make decisions without emotions. For example, people with brain injuries, which disconnect their logical centers in their cerebral cortex from the emotional center deep inside the brain, are paralyzed when making decisions. They cannot tell what is important or not. When shopping, they cannot make any decisions. That's why emotions are the next frontier in artifcial intelligence.
5. We will definitely be able to increase our lifespans (perhaps even live forever). Dr. Kaku quotes Richard Feynman as saying: "There is nothing in biology yet found that indicates the inevitability of death. This suggests to me that it is not at all inevitable and that it is only a matter of time before biologists discover what it is that is causing us the trouble and that this terrible universal disease or temporariness of the human's body will be cured."
The following interview with Dr. Kaku was conducted by email, and gave me a chance to ask some basic questions to give you an overview of his mind-blowing book.

THE DECLINE OF VIOLENCE: STEVEN PINKER’S NEW BOOK ARGUES THAT THE MODERN WORLD IS MORE PEACEFUL, NOT LESS


From The Boston Globe:
Violence3Somewhere in the world, every second of every day, people are being beaten, shot, and stabbed. The news is a litany of bombings and political assassinations, deadly riots and gang warfare. The lucky among us merely hear about it. Some days, when the body count is particularly high, it can be hard to stave off the sense that our species is more brutal and more bloodthirsty than at any other point in history.
Steven Pinker used to wince at the carnage like everybody else, and wonder how the human race had managed to lose its way so horribly. Then, in 1989, he stumbled upon something remarkable: a graph in a history book, compiled by a political scientist named Ted Robert Gurr, showing that the homicide rate in England had declined sharply since the 13th century. Pinker was astonished. The rate had fallen in some areas by as much as one hundredfold. Could it be true, he wondered, that humans had actually become less violent with time, as opposed to more? And if so, how had we done it? Pinker, now a psychology professor at Harvard, was then a rising star at MIT known primarily for his work on how the mind processes language and vision. In the years after his eye-opening encounter with the Gurr graph, his interest in broader questions about human nature and the brain would lead him to write a series of bestselling books, including “How the Mind Works” and “The Blank Slate,” which helped establish him as one of the most recognizable public intellectuals of the past 20 years.
More here.

WHY WE NEED LESS DEMOCRACY


Peter Orszag in The New Republic:
220px-Peter_Orszag_official_portraitIn an 1814 letter to John Taylor, John Adams wrote that “there never was a democracy yet that did not commit suicide.” That may read today like an overstatement, but it is certainly true that our democracy finds itself facing a deep challenge: During my recent stint in the Obama administration as director of the Office of Management and Budget, it was clear to me that the country’s political polarization was growing worse—harming Washington’s ability to do the basic, necessary work of governing. If you need confirmation of this, look no further than the recent debt-limit debacle, which clearly showed that we are becoming two nations governed by a single Congress—and that paralyzing gridlock is the result.
So what to do? To solve the serious problems facing our country, we need to minimize the harm from legislative inertia by relying more on automatic policies and depoliticized commissions for certain policy decisions. In other words, radical as it sounds, we need to counter the gridlock of our political institutions by making them a bit less democratic.
I know that such ideas carry risks. And I have arrived at these proposals reluctantly: They come more from frustration than from inspiration. But we need to confront the fact that a polarized, gridlocked government is doing real harm to our country. And we have to find some way around it.
More here.

2011年9月24日星期六

PARTICLE PHYSICISTS DETECT NEUTRINOS TRAVELLING FASTER THAN LIGHT, A FEAT FORBIDDEN BY EINSTEIN'S THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY


Ian Sample in The Guardian:
ScreenHunter_01 Sep. 23 10.56It is a concept that forms a cornerstone of our understanding of the universe and the concept of time – nothing can travel faster than the speed of light.
But now it seems that researchers working in one of the world's largest physicslaboratories, under a mountain in central Italy, have recorded particles travelling at a speed that is supposedly forbidden by Einstein's theory of special relativity.
Scientists at the Gran Sasso facility will unveil evidence on Friday that raises the troubling possibility of a way to send information back in time, blurring the line between past and present and wreaking havoc with the fundamental principle of cause and effect.
They will announce the result at a special seminar at Cern – the European particle physicslaboratory – timed to coincide with the publication of a research paper (pdf) describing the experiment.
Researchers on the Opera (Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus) experiment recorded the arrival times of ghostly subatomic particles called neutrinos sent from Cern on a 730km journey through the Earth to the Gran Sasso lab.
The trip would take a beam of light 2.4 milliseconds to complete, but after running the experiment for three years and timing the arrival of 15,000 neutrinos, the scientists discovered that the particles arrived at Gran Sasso sixty billionths of a second earlier, with an error margin of plus or minus 10 billionths of a second.
The measurement amounts to the neutrinos travelling faster than the speed of light by a fraction of 20 parts per million. Since the speed of light is 299,792,458 metres per second, the neutrinos were evidently travelling at 299,798,454 metres per second.
More here.


CERN物理学家声称中微子速度超越光速

+Dante Jiang 写道 "爱因斯坦 1905 年提出的狭义相对论指出,宇宙中任何东西都不可能超越真空中的光速。但是 CERN(欧洲核子研究中心)日内瓦实验室的研究者宣称他们记录下了中微子突破了299792千米/秒 的界限。"实验原理很简单:位于意大利的粒子探测器Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus(OPERA)记录瑞士日内瓦CERN发射出的中微子。中微子与其它物质几乎不发生任何交互作用,从CERN到OPERA距离730公里,如果中微子是以光速飞行,那么整个过程将耗时约2.43毫秒(730/299792)。过去三年,OPERA记录了大约16,000个中微子的飞行时间。实验结果显示,中微子的平均速度比预期的快了60纳秒。科学家声称他们测量仪器的误差是正负10纳秒。如果实验得到确认的话,这将是过去半个世纪以来最重要的物理学发现之一。科学家多对此都持怀疑态度,认为可能是系统误差导致的,因为计时依靠的是GPS。

BRAIN IMAGING REVEALS THE MOVIES IN OUR MIND


From PhysOrg:
BrainscansleImagine tapping into the mind of a coma patient, or watching one's own dream on YouTube. With a cutting-edge blend of brain imaging and computer simulation, scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, are bringing these futuristic scenarios within reach. Using  () and computational models, UC Berkeley researchers have succeeded in decoding and reconstructing people's dynamic visual experiences – in this case, watching Hollywood movie trailers. As yet, the technology can only reconstruct movie clips people have already viewed. However, the breakthrough paves the way for reproducing the movies inside our heads that no one else sees, such as dreams and memories, according to researchers. "This is a major leap toward reconstructing internal imagery," said Professor Jack Gallant, a UC Berkeley neuroscientist and coauthor of the study to be published online Sept. 22 in the journal Current Biology. "We are opening a window into the movies in our minds."
PICTURE: This set of paired images provided by Shinji Nishimoto of the University of California, Berkeley on Wednesday, Sept. 21, 2011 shows original video images, upper row, and those images reconstructed by computer from brain scans. While volunteers watched movie clips, a scanner watched their brains. And from their brain activity, a computer made rough reconstructions of what they viewed. Scientists reported that result Thursday, Sept. 22, 2011 and speculated such an approach might be able to reveal dreams and hallucinations someday. In the future, it might help stroke victims or others who have no other way to communicate, said Jack Gallant, a neuroscientist at the University of California, Berkeley, and co-author of the paper.
More here.

智能电表将能发现你正在看什么

Münster应用科学大学的研究人员发现,根据智能电表记录的用电量数据是可能判断出用户正在观看哪个电视节目。从理论上说,通过分析用电模式,也可能识别出DVD上正在放的是哪部电影。进行此类模式识别分析的关键是电影中大量的明暗变化、大数据量和没有多少其它用电设备的干扰。研究人员测试了EasyMeter智能电表,电表将用电数据每2秒发送到服务器。这些用电量信息可以被提取出来,分析用户可能观看的电视节目。

2011年9月23日星期五

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2011年9月20日星期二

IT'S NOT PLAGIARISM. IN THE DIGITAL AGE, IT'S 'REPURPOSING.'


Kenneth Goldsmith in the Chronicle of Higher Education:
Photo_14982_landscape_largeIn 1969 the conceptual artist Douglas Huebler wrote, "The world is full of objects, more or less interesting; I do not wish to add any more." I've come to embrace Huebler's idea, though it might be retooled as: "The world is full of texts, more or less interesting; I do not wish to add any more."
It seems an appropriate response to a new condition in writing: With an unprecedented amount of available text, our problem is not needing to write more of it; instead, we must learn to negotiate the vast quantity that exists. How I make my way through this thicket of information—how I manage it, parse it, organize and distribute it—is what distinguishes my writing from yours.
The prominent literary critic Marjorie Perloff has recently begun using the term "unoriginal genius" to describe this tendency emerging in literature. Her idea is that, because of changes brought on by technology and the Internet, our notion of the genius—a romantic, isolated figure—is outdated. An updated notion of genius would have to center around one's mastery of information and its dissemination. Perloff has coined another term, "moving information," to signify both the act of pushing language around as well as the act of being emotionally moved by that process. She posits that today's writer resembles more a programmer than a tortured genius, brilliantly conceptualizing, constructing, executing, and maintaining a writing machine.
More here

SIR MICHAEL CAINE: “I DON’T GET THE GIRL, I GET THE PART”


From The Talks:
ScreenHunter_15 Sep. 20 16.55Mr. Caine, what is it like to get older?
You are going to make every moment count. I mean, you better make every moment count. Live your life now; start in the morning. You mustn’t sit around waiting to die. When it happens you should come into the cemetery on a motorbike, skid to a halt by the side of the coffin, jump in and say: “Great I just made it.”
So death doesn’t scare the hell out of you?
Well I always get worried when people say to me, “Oh we’re having a retrospective of your work.” I always think it’s sort of a threat. You know, hurry up and die. So I always get a bit worried when those things happen and that makes me think of death, but I’m a stubborn bastard.
You just refuse to think about it too much?
You quite often see these middle aged people on television who’ve won the fight against cancer and now they want to live their lives differently and enjoy every moment. Before they just went along and now they’ve had this scare that they were going to die. I had that scare that I was going to die when I was nineteen when I was a soldier, so I have been living my life that way for sixty years now.
What happened to you as a soldier that made you appreciate every moment?
I was a soldier in Korea and I got into a situation where I knew I was going to die – like the people know they are going to die of cancer, except then we got out of it. But it lasted with me – I was nineteen. That formed my character for the rest of my life. The rest of my life I have lived every bloody moment from the moment I wake up until the time I go to sleep.
More here.
另一个值得一听的Sir Micheal Caine 的访谈:http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00cv80y

Julius Klinger via feuilleton

One Hindi Comic

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[财经]视频:野生动物保育集团CEO赖威敏:在盈利和动物保护中找到平衡

照料三大公园,一万只动物,还要做到收支平衡,这并不简单
http://finance.joy.cn/video/908390.htm

动物园取消万圣节活动

        联合早报今日报导:下令取消活动的新加坡野生动物保育集团总裁罗惠娇昨晚发出文告,指停办活动是考虑到动物园和参观者的利益。  
        她在文中说:“万圣节活动不太符合保育集团通过野生动物保育活动,提倡教育、保育、家庭休闲和促进凝聚力的宗旨。过去数年来,参观者人数并没有因为这项活动而显著增加,以家庭为主题的国庆日和开斋节活动反而在高峰日吸引了大量人潮。”
         罗惠娇表示,从动物园的宗旨和经营野生动物园的角度出发,取消万圣节活动并把资源转移到同本地有关的活动,才是节约的做法。  
这项活动原本定于本月30日开始,在夜间动物园连续五个周末举行,但管理夜间动物园的新加坡野生动物保育集团却突然在上个星期,以该活动与保育动物无关为由取消活动。
        万圣节活动是新加坡理工学院综合会展与项目管理文凭的17名学生的毕业专题作业,他们花了七个月的时间策划。据了解,为了筹备这项活动,夜间动物园耗费了约100万元。
       罗惠娇也重申,共买下800张门票的169名顾客将可获得全额退款。野生动物保育集团也会按照合约付款给所有受影响的货品与服务供应商。      
       临阵取消大型公众项目这样的大动作,把100万元的成本以及员工/学生/志愿工作者超过半年的心力投入,一笔勾销,照理该是万不得已的下策。因为不论从盈利、公共关系、员工志气的角度看,都是无谓的亏损与打击。
       万圣节活动是否百分之百符合保育集团的宗旨,见仁见智。从产品多样化的角度看,对保育集团、动物园、公众人士、顾客,似乎都是善用资源利多害少的好点子。
       退一步想,就算这个项目如何不宜保育宗旨,以后尽可以不再举办。似乎没有必要伧促取消。
       身为公众,对罗女士提出来的取消项目的理由,实在有难以下咽之感。同时,莫明其妙的,开始为那些她管辖下的动物飞禽担忧。